{"id":7971,"date":"2018-01-18T09:03:18","date_gmt":"2018-01-18T02:03:18","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ttud.com.vn\/?p=7971"},"modified":"2018-01-18T09:03:18","modified_gmt":"2018-01-18T02:03:18","slug":"phat-hien-song-hap-dan-mot-thanh-tuu-thien-van-trong-nam-2017","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/phat-hien-song-hap-dan-mot-thanh-tuu-thien-van-trong-nam-2017\/","title":{"rendered":"Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn: m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u thi\u00ean v\u0103n trong n\u0103m 2017"},"content":{"rendered":"

V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t\u00a0<\/strong>\u201c<\/strong>ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m<\/strong>\u201d kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean di\u1ec7u k\u1ef3, th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n, gi\u1ea3i m\u00e3.<\/strong>M\u1ed7i n\u0103m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc tr\u00ean to\u00e0n th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi l\u1ea1i mang \u0111\u1ebfn cho nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u thi\u00ean v\u0103n m\u1edbi, c\u00f3 \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng to l\u1edbn. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1edbn c\u1ee7a n\u0103m 2017 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u1eb7p l\u1ed7 \u0111en. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 mang l\u1ea1i\u00a0<\/strong>Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m\u00a0<\/strong>2017 cho ba nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi M\u1ef9 –\u00a0<\/strong>nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn<\/strong>.<\/p>\n

Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 l\u00e0 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00fd – h\u00f3a \u0111a d\u1ea1ng. C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ecfng \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1ec1 t\u00e0i \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ecbnh h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n t\u1eeb l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a Einstein. Nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u1eb7ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c v\u00e0\u00a0di chuy\u1ec3n hay b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 l\u1edbn Big Bang, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u00e0m nhi\u1ec5u kh\u00f4ng – th\u1eddi gian. Hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng g\u1ee3n s\u00f3ng l\u0103n t\u0103n tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t h\u1ed3 sau khi b\u1ecb nhi\u1ec5u b\u1edfi m\u1ed9t h\u00f2n \u0111\u00e1 v\u1eeba r\u01a1i xu\u1ed1ng. S\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn lan truy\u1ec1n trong kh\u00f4ng – th\u1eddi gian v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c l\u1edbn trong ng\u00e0nh thi\u00ean v\u0103n hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n

Thu\u1eadt luy\u1ec7n kim trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5<\/strong><\/p>\n

V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 ra \u0111\u1eddi c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00e2y 13,7 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 Big Bang, trong nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3nh kh\u1eafc \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean, v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 no\u0301ng \u0111\u00ea\u0301n m\u01b0\u0301c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i vi\u0300 b\u1ecb nh\u01b0\u0303ng tia x\u1ea1 gamma ti\u00eau hu\u1ef7. V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t \u201cn\u1ed3i s\u00fap\u201d ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y photon v\u00e0 h\u1ea1t c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 quark, electron v\u00e0 neutrino\u2026 V\u0169 tr\u1ee5 d\u00e3n n\u1edf n\u00ean lo\u00e3ng v\u00e0 ngu\u1ed9i d\u1ea7n. C\u00e1c h\u1ea1t proton v\u00e0 neutron m\u1edbi b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n v\u00e0 li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra deuterium v\u00e0 helium. Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh \u201cb\u1eaft\u201d neutron \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ea5m d\u1ee9t. Ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m tri\u1ec7u n\u0103m sau Big Bang, c\u00e1c ng\u00f4i sao \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean m\u1edbi xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u1eb7ng.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00f4i sao l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng l\u00f2 luy\u1ec7n kim r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u1eb7ng. M\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1eb7t tr\u01a1\u0300i \u201c\u0111\u00f4\u0301t\u201d nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u, ch\u1ee7 y\u00ea\u0301u la\u0300 hydro, \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong 10 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m. Sau khi ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u00ea\u0301t nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u hydro, lo\u0303i ng\u00f4i sao ch\u1ee9a toa\u0300n \u201cch\u00e2\u0301t th\u1ea3i \u201d helium. Khi \u0111o\u0301 ng\u00f4i sao m\u00e2\u0301t th\u0103ng b\u0103\u0300ng vi\u0300 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n kh\u00f4ng co\u0300n \u0111\u1ee7 \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u00f4\u0301ng l\u1ea1i l\u1ef1c h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. Vu\u0300ng trung t\u00e2m ng\u00f4i sao s\u1eadp s\u1ee5p \u00a0va\u0300 no\u0301ng l\u00ean t\u1edbi ha\u0300ng ch\u1ee5c tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed9 la\u0300m helium bi\u00ea\u0301n tha\u0300nh carbon (C). Khi \u0111o\u0301 ng\u00f4i sao co da\u0303n va\u0300 phun ca\u0301c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u1eb7ng v\u1eeba m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ebf ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng li\u00ean sao. Tuy nhi\u00ean, nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 trong lo\u0303i ng\u00f4i sao kh\u00f4ng co\u0300n \u0111\u1ee7 cao \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n carbon. Trong nh\u01b0\u0303ng ng\u00f4i sao n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi co\u0301 nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9 va\u0300 a\u0301p su\u00e2\u0301t cao, qua\u0301 tri\u0300nh t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n ti\u00ea\u0301p t\u1ee5c ti\u00ea\u0301n ha\u0300nh. Nh\u01b0\u0303ng ng\u00f4i sao na\u0300y \u0111i\u00ea\u0300u ch\u00ea\u0301 ca\u0301c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 oxy (O), neon (Ne), natri (Na), magnesium (Mg), silicium (Si), s\u0103\u0301t (Fe) va\u0300 co\u0301 c\u00e2\u0301u tru\u0301c s\u0103\u0301p x\u00ea\u0301p tha\u0300nh t\u01b0\u0300ng l\u01a1\u0301p nh\u01b0 v\u1ecf m\u1ed9t c\u1ee7 ha\u0300nh. V\u1ecf ngoa\u0300i ch\u1ee9a hydro va\u0300 heli, ca\u0300ng va\u0300o trong ca\u0300ng co\u0301 nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u1eb7ng va\u0300 trong cu\u0300ng la\u0300 m\u1ed9t ca\u0301i lo\u0303i sao toa\u0300n la\u0300 s\u0103\u0301t (Fe). Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u00e2\u0301t nh\u01b0\u0303ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u1eb7ng h\u01a1n t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng. Khi \u0111\u00f3 ng\u00f4i sao s\u1eadp s\u1ee5p xu\u00f4\u0301ng va\u0300 n\u1ed5 tung tha\u0300nh sao si\u00eau m\u01a1\u0301i. Qua\u0301 tri\u0300nh b\u0103\u0301t neutron l\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ti\u00ea\u0301n ha\u0300nh \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ed3ng (Cu), va\u0300ng (Au)…<\/p>\n

\"song<\/p>\n

Minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 sao si\u00eau m\u1edbi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed3ng, v\u00e0ng\u2026 M\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao neutron si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra \u1edf v\u00f9ng trung t\u00e2m\u00a0<\/strong>(h\u00ecnh: N. Mikami, NAO).<\/p>\n

Qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn ho\u00e1 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao<\/strong><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng ng\u00f4i sao kh\u1ed3ng l\u1ed3 sau khi \u0111\u00e3 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5 h\u1ebft nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n th\u00ec n\u1ed5 tung v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i l\u00f5i si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c. D\u01b0\u1edbi s\u1ee9c \u00e9p c\u1ee7a v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5, v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t trong l\u00f5i ng\u00f4i sao bi\u1ebfn th\u00e0nh neutron. Tuy nhi\u00ean, sao neutron kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t n\u00ean n\u1ebfu s\u1ef1 s\u1eadp s\u1ee5p c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c th\u00ec l\u00f5i ng\u00f4i sao tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en. Sao neutron v\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1edbn. Sao neutron ph\u00e1t nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 trong ph\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec7n, t\u1eeb b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ebfn b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 X, gamma c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p l\u1ed7 \u0111en, kh\u00f4ng – th\u1eddi gian xung quanh ng\u00f4i sao b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ee9c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng tho\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ra ngo\u00e0i. V\u00ec photon trong l\u1ed7 \u0111en kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 c\u00f3 v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u1edbn h\u01a1n v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng n\u00ean b\u1ecb b\u1eaby trong l\u1ed7 \u0111en. C\u00f2n sao neutron th\u00ec ph\u00e1t ra b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1eb3ng h\u01b0\u1edbng, ch\u1ec9 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n. Sao neutron t\u1ef1 quay n\u00ean c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a ng\u00f4i sao d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng xung x\u1ea1, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 xung v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn, m\u1ed7i khi n\u00f3n \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng qu\u00e9t qua tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t. Do \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00f4i sao neutron \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cpulsar\u201d (sao xung). Tuy t\u1ef1 quay r\u1ea5t nhanh v\u1edbi v\u1eadn t\u1ed1c l\u00ean t\u1edbi kho\u1ea3ng 300 v\u00f2ng\/gi\u00e2y (pulsar miligi\u00e2y), nh\u01b0ng pulsar v\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\"song<\/p>\n

Pulsar l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ng\u00f4i sao neutron ph\u00e1t ra nh\u1eefng b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 trong ph\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n trong m\u1ed9t kh\u00f4ng gian h\u00ecnh n\u00f3n. Pulsar t\u1ef1 quay v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ean tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng nh\u1eefng xung v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn\u00a0<\/strong>(h\u00ecnh: CNRS).<\/p>\n

S\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n

D\u1ef1a tr\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i c\u1ee7a m\u00ecnh, Einstein ti\u00ean \u0111o\u00e1n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng – th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 lan truy\u1ec1n v\u1edbi t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn r\u1ea5t y\u1ebfu. Trong m\u1ed9t kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch d\u00e0i 3 km, bi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed9 c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ecf kho\u1ea3ng 10-19\u00a0<\/sup>m\u00e9t. Nh\u1eefng n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c nh\u1eb1m ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp lo\u1ea1i s\u00f3ng n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng thanh kim lo\u1ea1i h\u00ecnh tr\u1ee5 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng dao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng – th\u1eddi gian, \u0111\u1ec1u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n

N\u0103m 1970, Hulse v\u00e0 Taylor t\u1ea1i Hoa K\u1ef3 \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111o chu k\u1ef3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u v\u00f4 tuy\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p sao neutron \u0111\u00f4i quay xung quanh nhau. H\u1ecd ki\u00ean tr\u00ec quan s\u00e1t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c trong nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m v\u00e0 nh\u1eadn th\u1ea5y chu k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a pulsar ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng ng\u1eafn. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf qu\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ea1o quay c\u1ee7a pulsar h\u1eb9p d\u1ea7n v\u00e0 hai thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n quay s\u00e1t g\u1ea7n nhau. Nh\u1eefng t\u00ednh to\u00e1n l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t tho\u00e1t n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng quay c\u1ee7a pulsar. Tuy kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn, nh\u01b0ng quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ef1 gi\u1ea3m chu k\u1ef3 quay c\u1ee7a c\u1eb7p sao neutron si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9ng t\u1ecf s\u1ef1 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a th\u1ef1c th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y. V\u1edbi k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 n\u00e0y, hai nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n Hulse v\u00e0 Taylor \u0111\u00e3 l\u0129nh gi\u1ea3i Nobel n\u0103m 1993.<\/p>\n

S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c to l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd thi\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t.<\/p>\n

\"song<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c\u00a0<\/strong>(sao neutron hay\u00a0<\/strong>l\u1ed7 \u0111en<\/strong>)\u00a0<\/strong>quay xung quanh nhau tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 giao thoa LIGO-VIGO.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn b\u1eb1ng k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt giao thoa<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y nay, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 giao thoa quang h\u1ecdc g\u1ed3m hai t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u00e1ch xa nhau 3 kilomet \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. M\u1ed9t tia laser \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch l\u00e0m \u0111\u00f4i v\u00e0 chi\u1ebfu v\u00e0o hai t\u1ea5m g\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1eb7t \u1edf hai h\u01b0\u1edbng th\u1eb3ng g\u00f3c v\u1edbi nhau \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng h\u1ec7 v\u00e2n giao thoa. S\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn lan truy\u1ec1n t\u1edbi h\u1ec7 k\u00ednh l\u00e0m co gi\u00e3n kh\u00f4ng – th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i pha c\u1ee7a hai tia laser v\u00e0 h\u1ec7 v\u00e2n giao thoa.<\/p>\n

H\u1ecd d\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t m\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi g\u1ed3m 3 h\u1ec7 giao thoa \u0111\u1eb7t t\u1ea1i bang Louisiana v\u00e0 bang Washington, Hoa K\u1ef3 (h\u1ec7 giao thoa LISA) v\u00e0 th\u00e0nh ph\u1ed1 Pisa t\u1ea1i Italia (h\u1ec7 VIRGO, C\u1ed9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u00e2u \u00c2u) \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y cao.<\/p>\n

Ng\u00e0y 14\/8\/2017, m\u1ea1ng giao thoa n\u00e0y thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u r\u1ea5t ng\u1eafn c\u1ee7a s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn. T\u00edn hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t v\u1ee5 va ch\u1ea1m \u1edf giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp hai l\u1ed7 \u0111en. Hai thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c n\u00e0y n\u1eb7ng g\u1ea5p 31 v\u00e0 25 l\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. Ngu\u1ed3n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t t\u00ean GW170814 v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra \u1edf kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch xa tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t 1,8 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t l\u1ed7 \u0111en kh\u1ed5ng l\u1ed3 n\u1eb7ng g\u1ea5p 53 l\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi. M\u1ed9t kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1eb7ng g\u1ea5p 3 l\u1ea7n m\u1eb7t tr\u1eddi \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t ra s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn khi hai l\u1ed7 \u0111en s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp.<\/p>\n

\"song<\/p>\n

H\u00ecnh minh h\u1ecda hai l\u1ed7 \u0111en s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn\u00a0<\/strong>(h\u00ecnh: CNRS).<\/strong><\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9 ba ng\u00e0y sau, m\u1ea1ng giao thoa l\u1ea1i thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ed9t t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e0 ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p sao neutron. S\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n ng\u00f4i sao neutron \u0111\u00f4i va ch\u1ea1m r\u1ed3i s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp v\u1edbi nhau, m\u1ec7nh danh l\u00e0 \u201cph\u00e1o b\u00f4ng v\u0169 tr\u1ee5\u201d, x\u1ea3y ra ng\u00e0y 17\/8\/2017 v\u1eeba qua c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n b\u1eb1ng m\u1ea1ng giao thoa LIGO-VIRGO. S\u1ef1 b\u00f9ng n\u1ed5 ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eebng \u0111\u1ee3t b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 c\u00f3 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cao trong ph\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, nh\u01b0 b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 gamma, b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 X\u2026 Nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u1eb7ng nh\u01b0 b\u1ea1ch kim c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ebf t\u1ea1o trong v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3, ng\u00e0y 14\/9\/2015, National Science Foundation (Hoa K\u1ef3) c\u0169ng \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng h\u1ec7 k\u00ednh LISO quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p l\u1ed7 \u0111en n\u1eb1m trong m\u1ed9t thi\u00ean h\u00e0 c\u00e1ch xa tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t 1 t\u1ef7 n\u0103m \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng. S\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn th\u00e1ng 8 v\u1eeba qua b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 LIGO-VIRGO l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a s\u1ef1 c\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. M\u1ea1ng l\u01b0\u1edbi giao thoa LIGO-VIRGO g\u1ed3m 3 h\u1ec7 k\u00ednh giao thoa s\u1ebd l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ngu\u1ed3n ph\u00e1t s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 l\u1ed7 \u0111en. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ti\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7 \u0111en, v\u00ec thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 n\u00e0o trong ph\u1ed5 \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eeb, k\u1ec3 c\u1ea3 \u00e1nh s\u00e1ng.<\/p>\n

M\u1ea1ng LIGO-VIRGO s\u1ebd l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 trong kh\u00f4ng gian v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c cao g\u1ea5p 20 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ea1ng 2 k\u00ednh LIGO. M\u1ea1ng LIGO-VIRGO c\u00f2n c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u0103m d\u00f2 kh\u00f4ng gian v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 r\u1ed9ng 1000 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 LIGO.<\/p>\n

V\u00e0o n\u0103m 2030, m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 giao thoa (eLISA) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng l\u00ean kh\u00f4ng gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t tr\u00ean 3 v\u1ec7 tinh theo h\u00ecnh tam gi\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

\"song<\/p>\n

H\u1ec7 giao thoa e-LISA g\u1ed3m\u00a0<\/strong>3 t\u1ea5m\u00a0<\/strong>g\u01b0\u01a1ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00f3ng v\u00e0o v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 v\u00e0o n\u0103m\u00a0<\/strong>2030\u00a0<\/strong>(h\u00ecnh: ESA).<\/p>\n

V\u1ec7 tinh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e1ch xa nhau h\u00e0ng tri\u1ec7u kilomet n\u00ean h\u1ec7 giao thoa c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1ea1y r\u1ea5t cao. V\u00ec c\u00e1ch xa tr\u00e1i \u0111\u1ea5t n\u00ean eLISA c\u0169ng kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u00f4 nhi\u1ec5m b\u1edfi nh\u1eefng t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 thi\u00ean v\u0103n hy v\u1ecdng s\u1ebd ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb v\u1ee5 n\u1ed5 nguy\u00ean th\u1ee7y Big Bang v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 kh\u00e1c. S\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn c\u0169ng m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p m\u1edbi trong vi\u1ec7c quan s\u00e1t th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t t\u1ed1i trong v\u0169 tr\u1ee5. L\u1ed7 \u0111en l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng thi\u00ean th\u1ec3 si\u00eau \u0111\u1eb7c v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 c\u00f3 tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn l\u1edbn.<\/em><\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u thi\u00ean v\u0103n mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea7m c\u1ee1 th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 tham gia c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc to\u00e0n c\u1ea7u. C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn ph\u00e1t ra t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 ki\u1ec7n s\u00e1p nh\u1eadp c\u1eb7p l\u1ed7 \u0111en l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. H\u00e0ng tr\u0103m t\u00e1c gi\u1ea3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c trong nhi\u1ec1u vi\u1ec7n khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng k\u00fd t\u00ean tr\u00ean b\u00e0i b\u00e1o \u0111\u0103ng t\u1ea3i tr\u00ean T\u1ea1p ch\u00ed Physical Review Letters.<\/p>\n

Ba nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Hoa K\u1ef3 Rainer Weiss, Barry Barish v\u00e0 Kip Thorne l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng ng\u01b0\u1eddi ti\u00ean phong trong c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u00f3ng h\u1ea5p d\u1eabn \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao t\u1eb7ng Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd n\u0103m 2017.<\/p>\n

Nguy\u1ec5n Quang Ri\u1ec7u<\/em><\/strong><\/p>\n

Nguy\u00ean Gi\u00e1m \u0111\u1ed1c Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0110\u00e0i Thi\u00ean v\u0103n Paris, Ph\u00e1p<\/em><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n\u00a0khoahocvacongnghevietnam.com.vn<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

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