{"id":6057,"date":"2017-08-17T19:25:42","date_gmt":"2017-08-17T12:25:42","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ttud.com.vn\/?p=6057"},"modified":"2017-10-03T09:38:23","modified_gmt":"2017-10-03T02:38:23","slug":"ben-trong-phong-thi-nghiem-san-xuat-plutonium-cho-nasa","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/ben-trong-phong-thi-nghiem-san-xuat-plutonium-cho-nasa\/","title":{"rendered":"B\u00ean trong ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Plutonium cho NASA"},"content":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ec, n\u00f3ng, \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Oak Ridge, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng acid nitric v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9a th\u1ee7y tinh silica \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9a trong b\u1ed9t neptunium, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o ra Plutonium – nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho c\u00e1c con t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. \u0110\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn kinh doanh doanh \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb thu\u1ed9c B\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hoa K\u1ef3. N\u01a1i t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb canxi, b\u1ea1ch kim, titan cho t\u1edbi strontium-90, ytterbium, uranium-235 v\u00e0 plutonium-239 (v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0m n\u00ean 2 qu\u1ea3 bom Hiroshima v\u00e0 Nagasaki).<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Plutonium-238 t\u1eebng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nh\u1eb1m s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng cho c\u00e1c phi thuy\u1ec1n kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a NASA. Trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng, khi n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, NASA ch\u1ecdn plutonium-238 \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 (RPS), t\u1ea1o ra \u0111i\u1ec7n n\u0103ng t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec7t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng sinh ra trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ph\u00e2n r\u00e3. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng RPS \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng 4,8 kg nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m tr\u00ean M\u1eb7t Tr\u0103ng, sao H\u1ecfa, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0a t\u00e0u v\u0169 tr\u1ee5 Voyager mang theo b\u1ea3ng ghi Golden Records ch\u1ee9a th\u00f4ng tin c\u01a1 b\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a v\u0103n minh nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i t\u1edbi r\u00eca H\u1ec7 M\u1eb7t Tr\u1eddi. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u ch\u1ecdn plutonium-238 l\u00e0m nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u b\u1edfi c\u00f3 gi\u00e1 r\u1ebb, than gian b\u00e1n r\u00e3 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u00e0 c\u00f3 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t cao.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, lo\u1ea1i nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u1ee9 ph\u1ea9m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n th\u1eddi Chi\u1ebfn tranh l\u1ea1nh v\u1ed1n \u0111\u00e3 ng\u01b0ng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng. T\u1edbi n\u0103m 2010, NASA ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a t\u1edbi 10 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng RPS \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng. B\u1edfi th\u1ebf, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 v\u1eadn \u0111\u1ed9ng B\u1ed9 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng Hoa K\u1ef3 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t plutonium. Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn v\u00e0 t\u1edbi cu\u1ed1i n\u0103m 2015, l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean k\u1ec3 t\u1eeb n\u0103m 1988, ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Oak Ridge \u0111\u00e3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 50 gram m\u1eabu nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y. Cho t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, h\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng tinh ch\u1ec9nh trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, h\u1ecd d\u1ef1 ki\u1ebfn t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 300 gram, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi \u0111\u1eb7c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng 1,5 kg trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai g\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n

B\u00ean d\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t plutonium t\u1ea1i ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Oak Ridge.<\/p>\n

L\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u01b0\u1edbc l\u00e0m m\u00e1t v\u00e0 gi\u00fap \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng HFRI ph\u00e1t quang m\u00e0u xanh do b\u1ee9c x\u1ea1 Cherenkov\u200b<\/p>\n

1. Nh\u1eadn neptunium-237<\/strong>
\nPlutonium- 238 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra b\u1eb1ng ti\u1ec1n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 Neptunium-237 – m\u1ed9t ph\u1ee5 ph\u1ea9m ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Neptunium oxide d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ch\u1edf b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c xe t\u1ea3i t\u1eeb Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Idaho t\u1edbi Oak Eidge. Khi t\u1edbi n\u01a1i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c k\u1ebft t\u1ee7a b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng nhi\u1ec1u t\u1ea7ng \u0111\u1eb7t trong c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201chot cell\u201d. Do trong l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u th\u00f4 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng protactinium oxide \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ecb ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 nguy hi\u1ec3m h\u01a1n l\u00e0 protactinium n\u00ean ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta ph\u1ea3i cho v\u00e0o \u201chot cell\u201d b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ec \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft nh\u1eb1m lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n

2. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf protactinium<\/strong>
\nNh\u00ecn qua m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda s\u1ed5 b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ec d\u00e0y g\u1ea7n 138 cm, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1nh tay robot \u0111i\u1ec1u khi\u1ec3n t\u1eeb b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 khu\u1ea5y b\u1ed9t neptunium trong c\u00e1c c\u1ed1c becher, cho th\u00eam acid nitric v\u00e0 nung l\u00ean cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 tan ra ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u1ed7n h\u1ee3p m\u00e0u xanh \u0111en. Sau \u0111\u00f3, dung d\u1ecbch n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u00f3t qua m\u1ed9t \u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t th\u1ee7y tinh silica \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 protactinium. Dung d\u1ecbch c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1edbi m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3ng glovebox (m\u1ed9t bu\u1ed3ng ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u00f3ng k\u00edn ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n, c\u00f3 g\u0103ng tay d\u00ednh li\u1ec1n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc cho tay v\u00e0o thao t\u00e1c th\u1ee9 ch\u1ee9a b\u00ean trong).<\/p>\n

3. T\u1ea1o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/strong>
\nTrong bu\u1ed3ng glovebox, neptunium \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh do c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ea1i Oak Ridge ph\u00e1t minh ra g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 \u201cbi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp kh\u1eed ni t\u01a1\u201d. Trong \u0111\u00f3, dung d\u1ecbch neptunium \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xoay trong m\u1ed9t l\u00f2 s\u1ea5y nhi\u1ec7t cho t\u1edbi khi n\u00f3 tr\u1edf v\u1ec1 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i b\u1ed9t oxide nh\u01b0 ban \u0111\u1ea7u. L\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1ed9t n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u1ed9n v\u1edbi b\u1ed9t nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 \u00e9p th\u00e0nh d\u1ea1ng vi\u00ean \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1eeba v\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1ed7 k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc 1,59 cm, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o trong c\u00e1c thanh nh\u00f4m v\u00e0 \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb cao \u00e1p c\u1ee7a Oak Ridge (HFIR)<\/p>\n

4. Chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 neptunium<\/strong>
\nH\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng HFIR t\u1ea1o ra th\u00f4ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng (t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c neutron) cao h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi l\u00f2 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng trong c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n h\u1ea1t nh\u00e2n. Sau khi c\u00e1c h\u1ea1t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7t v\u00e0o trong l\u00f2, ch\u00fang s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eafn ph\u00e1 trong kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb 3 t\u1edbi 12 th\u00e1ng. C\u00e1c neutron s\u1ebd va ch\u1ea1m v\u1edbi m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 s\u1ebd b\u1ecb h\u1ea5p th\u1ee5 n\u1edfi c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed neptunium, h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ed3ng v\u1ecb neptunium l\u00e0 neptunium-238, sau \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n r\u00e3 th\u00e0nh plutonium.<\/p>\n

5. Tr\u00edch xu\u1ea5t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau<\/strong>
\nSau khi qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh chi\u1ebfu x\u1ea1 ho\u00e0n t\u1ea5t, m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i hot cell. C\u00e1c thanh ch\u1ee9a s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a tan trong x\u00fat v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 b\u00ean trong (b\u00e2y gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9a 12-14% plutonium-238) s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u00f2a tan trong acid nitric th\u00eam m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n n\u1eefa.<\/p>\n

6. T\u00e1ch plutonium<\/strong>
\nPlutoni v\u00e0 neptunium s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch b\u1eb1ng dung m\u00f4i, trong \u0111\u00f3, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta s\u1ebd d\u00f9ng c\u00e1c dung m\u00f4i ch\u1ec9 h\u00f2a tan t\u1eebng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 cho v\u00e0o dung d\u1ecbch. Khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c dung m\u00f4i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00e1ch ra, t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 d\u1ea7u v\u1edbi n\u01b0\u1edbc t\u00e1ch ra v\u1eady. B\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i dung m\u00f4i v\u00e0 thu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1eebng nguy\u00ean t\u1ed1. L\u00fac b\u1ea5y gi\u1edd, neptunium c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a tr\u1edf l\u1ea1i quy tr\u00ecnh ban \u0111\u1ea7u. C\u00f2n plutonium s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tinh ch\u1ebf th\u00f4ng qua qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh trao \u0111\u1ed5i ion.<\/p>\n

7. Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111i<\/strong>
\nSau khi tinh ch\u1ebf xong, plutonium d\u01b0\u1edbi d\u1ea1ng b\u1ed9t s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00f3ng l\u1ea1i trong c\u00e1c h\u1ed9p ch\u1ee9a b\u1eb1ng th\u00e9p kh\u00f4ng g\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n ch\u1ea5t ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Los Alamos. T\u1ea1i \u0111\u00f3, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c vi\u00ean nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u cho h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng RPS. Cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng, c\u00e1c vi\u00ean nhi\u00ean li\u1ec7u n\u00e0y s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a ti\u1ebfp t\u1edbi Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m Idaho, n\u01a1i \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng RPS.<\/p>\n

\"\" \"\" \"\"<\/p>\n

tinhte.vn<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e2u chuy\u1ec7n b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t c\u0103n ph\u00f2ng b\u1eb1ng ch\u00ec, n\u00f3ng, \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt thu\u1ed9c Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Oak Ridge, n\u01a1i c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc d\u00f9ng acid nitric v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u1ed1ng ch\u1ee9a th\u1ee7y tinh silica \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ph\u00f3ng x\u1ea1 nguy hi\u1ec3m ch\u1ee9a trong b\u1ed9t neptunium, nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1ea1o ra […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":6373,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6057","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6057","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6057"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6057\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6378,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6057\/revisions\/6378"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/6373"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6057"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=6057"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6057"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}