{"id":5904,"date":"2016-10-05T18:48:24","date_gmt":"2016-10-05T11:48:24","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ttud.com.vn\/?p=5904"},"modified":"2017-10-03T17:05:05","modified_gmt":"2017-10-03T10:05:05","slug":"giai-nobel-vat-ly-2016-duoc-trao-cho-3-nha-khoa-hoc-phat-hien-ra-dac-tinh-ky-la-cua-vat-chat-ran","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/giai-nobel-vat-ly-2016-duoc-trao-cho-3-nha-khoa-hoc-phat-hien-ra-dac-tinh-ky-la-cua-vat-chat-ran\/","title":{"rendered":"Gi\u1ea3i Nobel V\u1eadt L\u00fd 2016 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trao cho 3 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra “\u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1” c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t r\u1eafn"},"content":{"rendered":"

B\u1ed9 ba nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc David Thouless, Duncan Haldane v\u00e0 Michael Kosterlitz \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel V\u1eadt L\u00fd 2016 cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n pha \u0111a h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh \u0111\u1ea7y b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u r\u1eafn, sau \u0111\u00f3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc (c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u00f4 p\u00f4) \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh k\u1ef3 l\u1ea1 n\u00e0y. M\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch n\u00f4m na, h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u1ea5t, ph\u1ed5 qu\u00e1t nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i cho \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a mu\u00f4n v\u1ea1n v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edf \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng cho vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf n\u00ean c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec3m g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 trong m\u01a1 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i x\u01b0a gi\u1edd.<\/strong><\/p>\n

\"\"<\/p>\n

C\u00f9ng v\u1edbi l\u1eddi tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng b\u1edfi Vi\u1ec7n h\u00e0n l\u00e2m khoa h\u1ecdc Ho\u00e0ng gia Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n m\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y, b\u1ed9 3 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb Anh Qu\u1ed1c s\u1ebd chia s\u1ebb nhau ph\u1ea7n th\u01b0\u1edfng 8 tri\u1ec7u kronor Th\u1ee5y \u0110i\u1ec3n (kho\u1ea3ng 800 ng\u00e0n \u0111\u00f4 la). Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Haldane vui m\u1eebng cho bi\u1ebft qua cu\u1ed9c ph\u1ecfng v\u1ea5n \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i r\u1eb1ng “T\u00f4i c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 b\u1ea5t ng\u1edd v\u00e0 c\u1ea3m th\u1ea5y h\u00e3nh di\u1ec7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 t\u00f4i mu\u1ed1n n\u00f3i \u1edf gi\u00e2y ph\u00fat n\u00e0y l\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam nhi\u1ec1u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 to l\u1edbn d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y. M\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u. T\u00f4i c\u00f3 ni\u1ec1m tin r\u1eb1ng nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u m\u1edbi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.”<\/p>\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vinh danh v\u1edbi gi\u1ea3i Nobel, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean l\u00fd thuy\u1ebft g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “t\u00f4 p\u00f4 v\u1ec1 giai \u0111o\u1ea1n chuy\u1ec3n ti\u1ebfp v\u00e0 t\u00f4 p\u00f4 pha c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t.” Nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc Thouless nay \u0111\u00e3 \u1edf tu\u1ed5i 82 v\u00e0 s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c 1 n\u1eeda gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng. N\u1eeda c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia \u0111\u1ec1u cho 2 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc l\u00e0 Duncan Haldane 65 tu\u1ed5i v\u00e0 Michael Kosterlitz 74 tu\u1ed5i. Trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e1nh c\u1ee7a to\u00e1n h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u00f4 p\u00f4 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a l\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. \u0110\u00e2y m\u1ed9t ng\u00e0nh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o to\u00e0n qua s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng, xo\u1eafn, k\u00e9o gi\u00e3n nh\u01b0ng tr\u1eeb x\u00e9 r\u00e1ch ho\u1eb7c d\u00e1n d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 g\u1ecdi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t bi\u1ebfn t\u00f4 p\u00f4. B\u1ed9 m\u00f4n n\u00e0y c\u00f2n c\u00f3 t\u00ean g\u1ecdi kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 “h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a m\u00e0ng cao su” c\u0169ng v\u00ec l\u00fd do \u0111\u00f3.<\/p>\n

C\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1970 v\u00e0 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ee9ng minh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng t\u00ednh si\u00eau d\u1eabn – kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u00e1c electron lao \u0111i trong v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t c\u00f3 \u0111i\u1ec7n tr\u1edf b\u1eb1ng 0 – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t l\u1edbp m\u1ecfng c\u1ee7a b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Trong l\u1ec5 tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 gi\u1ea3i, m\u1ed9t th\u00e0nh vi\u00ean c\u1ee7a \u1ee7y ban Nobel V\u1eadt l\u00fd Thors Hans Hansson \u0111\u00e3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 b\u00e1nh tr\u00e1i tr\u00ean s\u00e2n kh\u1ea5u \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac li\u00ean k\u1ebft t\u00f4 p\u00f4. Trong tay \u00f4ng c\u1ea7m m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00f2ng, m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh quy xo\u1eafn v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t b\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n nho qu\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u00f4ng cho bi\u1ebft r\u1eb1ng m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc b\u00e1nh n\u00e0y c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau, nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t duy nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1eaft c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u00f4 p\u00f4 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 l\u1ed7: b\u00e1nh quy xo\u1eafn c\u00f3 2, b\u00e1nh m\u00ec v\u00f2ng c\u00f3 1 v\u00e0 b\u00e1nh nh\u00e2n nho qu\u1ebf kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3.<\/p>\n

Th\u1eadt v\u1eady, t\u00f4 p\u00f4 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed5i khi v\u1eadt th\u1ec3 b\u1ecb k\u00e9o gi\u00e3n, v\u1eb7n xo\u1eafn v\u00e0 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0o \u0111\u00f3. L\u1ed7 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng c\u00e1ch bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng nh\u1eefng c\u00e1i l\u1ed7 trong m\u1ed9t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u l\u00e0 nh\u01b0 nhau b\u1ea5t k\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 b\u1ecb bi\u1ebfn d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t l\u1ed1i suy ngh\u0129 \u0111\u00e3 gi\u00fap c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1eefng t\u1ea5m v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u b\u1ea1c si\u00eau m\u1ecfng m\u00e0 c\u00f2n trong nhi\u1ec1u c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac v\u00e0 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n

Steve Bramwell, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 v\u1eadt l\u00fd h\u1ecdc cho bi\u1ebft gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng l\u1ea7n n\u00e0y l\u00e0 “ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n x\u1ee9ng \u0111\u00e1ng.” \u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch th\u00eam r\u1eb1ng: “T\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u xung quanh ch\u00fang ta l\u00e0 c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt l\u00fd l\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eefng nguy\u00ean l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u00fap hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0a ra d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u1ec1 nh\u1eefng hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u1edbi. \u0110\u00e2y th\u1eadt s\u1ef1 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 kh\u00f3 v\u01b0\u1ee3t qua b\u1edfi c\u00e1c v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng trung b\u00ecnh c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a h\u00e0ng t\u1ef7 t\u1ef7 t\u1ef7 nguy\u00ean t\u1eed v\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 \u0111\u1ec1u t\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u00e1c v\u1edbi nhau.”<\/p>\n

\u00d4ng gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch ti\u1ebfp r\u1eb1ng: “Th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng tuy\u1ec7t v\u1eddi c\u1ee7a Kosterlitz, Thouless v\u00e0 Haldane ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o c\u00e1c l\u1edbp v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1eadt – \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 c\u00e1c m\u00e0ng m\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n nguy\u00ean t\u1eed – c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u d\u01b0\u1edbi g\u00f3c \u0111\u1ed9 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n c\u1ee7a nguy\u00ean l\u00fd h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc t\u00f4 p\u00f4. H\u1ecd cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1ch c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean t\u1eed li\u00ean k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau: m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i b\u00e1nh donut v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t t\u00e1ch tr\u00e0 l\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t t\u00f4 p\u00f4 b\u1edfi ch\u00fang \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 l\u1ed7 trong \u0111\u00f3. \u0110\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n th\u1ebf th\u00f4i.<\/p>\n

“S\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9t ph\u00e1 c\u1ee7a 3 nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc n\u00e0y \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t ti\u1ebfn b\u1ed9 l\u1edbn trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 t\u00ednh to\u00e1n c\u00e1c thu\u1ed9c t\u00ednh c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u. Trong tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p c\u1ee7a ri\u00eang t\u00f4i, n\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 m\u1edf ra 25 n\u0103m nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 c\u00e1c m\u00e0n t\u1eeb si\u00eau m\u1ecfng hay ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng g\u00ec m\u00e0 \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng m\u00e1y t\u00ednh x\u00e0i \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin l\u00ean \u0111\u00f3. Nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c trong nhi\u1ec1u ng\u00e0nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u0169ng s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a Kosterlitz, Thouless v\u00e0 Haldane \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a h\u1ecd.”<\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n tinhte.vn<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

B\u1ed9 ba nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc David Thouless, Duncan Haldane v\u00e0 Michael Kosterlitz \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ed3ng trao gi\u1ea3i th\u01b0\u1edfng Nobel V\u1eadt L\u00fd 2016 cho c\u00f4ng tr\u00ecnh nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac h\u00ecnh h\u1ecdc kh\u00f4ng gian c\u1ee7a chuy\u1ec3n pha \u0111a h\u00ecnh v\u00e0 tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i v\u1eadt ch\u1ea5t. Theo \u0111\u00f3 h\u1ecd \u0111\u00e3 kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 ra nh\u1eefng \u0111\u1eb7c […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":7174,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-5904","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5904","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5904"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5904\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7175,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/5904\/revisions\/7175"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7174"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5904"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=5904"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=5904"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}