{"id":4837,"date":"2016-03-30T23:01:52","date_gmt":"2016-03-30T16:01:52","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/ttud.com.vn\/?p=4837"},"modified":"2017-10-02T13:45:05","modified_gmt":"2017-10-02T06:45:05","slug":"su-than-ky-cua-polymer-va-su-mang-tao-ra-loai-vat-lieu-thong-minh-nhat-hanh-tinh","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/su-than-ky-cua-polymer-va-su-mang-tao-ra-loai-vat-lieu-thong-minh-nhat-hanh-tinh\/","title":{"rendered":"S\u1ef1 th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 c\u1ee7a polymer v\u00e0 s\u1ee9 m\u1ea1ng t\u1ea1o ra lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t h\u00e0nh tinh"},"content":{"rendered":"

Polymer \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t “nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0” trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1eebng ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i polymer m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta x\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o! Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e2u, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i polymer l\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, con ng\u01b0\u1eddi s\u1ebd c\u00f3 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng v\u00f4 t\u1eadn, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 nh\u1ef1a t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng, d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 c\u1ea5y gh\u00e9p v\u00e0o c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 m\u00e0 c\u1ea3 DNA v\u00e0 “h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o” ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 cho qu\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed9i,…<\/strong><\/p>\n

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Polymer xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n \u1edf kh\u1eafp m\u1ecdi n\u01a1i, nhang nh\u1ea3n tr\u01b0\u1edbc m\u1eaft ta, s\u00e1t b\u00ean th\u00e2n ta t\u1eebng ph\u00fat t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 ch\u00fang ta d\u00f9ng nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a t\u00fai b\u00fan ri\u00eau mua \u1edf ngo\u00e0i v\u1ec1 nh\u00e0, d\u00f9ng h\u1ed9p nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1eafc xo\u00e0i v\u1edbi mu\u1ed1i \u1edbt, \u0111\u1ed3 ch\u01a1i c\u1ee7a tr\u1ebb con b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a, xe m\u00e1y \u0111i h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u0169ng c\u00f3 nh\u1ef1a, chi\u1ebfc \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i, chi\u1ebfc m\u00e1y t\u00ednh v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 c\u00e1i m\u1eaft k\u00ednh d\u00ednh tr\u00ean m\u1eb7t \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ecdc b\u00e0i vi\u1ebft n\u00e0y c\u0169ng b\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ec1 nh\u1ef1a v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng ng\u1edbt l\u1eddi ca ng\u1ee3i n\u00f3 l\u00e0 th\u1ee9 v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n th\u1ee9 h\u1ea1n, g\u00f3p ph\u1ea7n quan tr\u1ecdng trong vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i.
\nNh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 \u1edf quanh ta, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y, k\u1ec1 c\u1eadn b\u00ean ta t\u1eebng ph\u00fat t\u1eebng gi\u00e2y\u200b<\/p>\n

Chuy\u00ean s\u00e2u h\u01a1n m\u1ed9t t\u00ed, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc g\u1ecdi nh\u1ef1a l\u00e0 polymer. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y c\u0169ng kh\u00e1 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n: ch\u00fang ta tr\u1ed9n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n (monomer) l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0 k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 c\u00e1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng s\u1ebd x\u1ea3y ra, c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n n\u1ed1i l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e0i ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 h\u1ee3p ch\u1ea5t cao ph\u00e2n t\u1eed polymer. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 h\u00ecnh dung chu\u1ed7i polymer gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u l\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t s\u1ee3i d\u00e2y x\u00edch d\u00e0i th\u1eadt l\u00e0 d\u00e0i v\u1eady.<\/p>\n

Tr\u01b0\u1edbc khi polymer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn c\u00e1c v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi l\u00e0 g\u1ed7, \u0111\u00e1 ho\u1eb7c kim lo\u1ea1i. M\u00e3i cho t\u1edbi n\u0103m 1909 th\u00ec lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u00ean l\u00e0 Bakelite m\u1edbi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng b\u1edfi nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc ng\u01b0\u1eddi B\u1ec9 Leo Baekeland t\u1ea1i New York. Bakelite \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u t\u1ea1o t\u1eeb c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n l\u00e0 formaldehyde, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau khi n\u00f3ng, sau \u0111\u00f3 khi ngu\u1ed9i l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng \u0111\u00f3. Qua th\u1eddi gian, ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 d\u00f9ng Bakelite trong TV, trang s\u1ee9c, \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 xe h\u01a1i.<\/p>\n

T\u00f9y theo th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea7n h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n c\u0169ng nh\u01b0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i polymer m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i polymer v\u1edbi c\u00e1c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t l\u00fd h\u00f3a kh\u00e1c nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn polymer \u0111ang \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i tr\u00ean th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00e1c h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a nh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec1u \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf. T\u1eeb nh\u1eefng t\u00fai nylon, nh\u1eefng chi\u1ebfc \u00e1o thun nylon, \u00e1o kho\u00e1c ch\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5m, nh\u1ef1a \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed,… \u0111\u1ec1u c\u00f3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb d\u1ea7u m\u1ecf.<\/p>\n

Polymer t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean v\u00e0 t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p: m\u1ed9t tr\u1eddi m\u1ed9t v\u1ef1c<\/p>\n

Nh\u01b0ng h\u00e3y nh\u1edb r\u1eb1ng nh\u1ef1a ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i polymer t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p ch\u1ee9a \u0111\u1ea7y khuy\u1ebft \u0111i\u1ec3m khi so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i polymer kh\u00e1c \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u00e0n tay c\u1ee7a M\u1eb9 Thi\u00ean Nhi\u00ean n\u1eb7n ra: t\u1eebng c\u00e0nh c\u00e2y ng\u1ecdn c\u1ecf ngo\u00e0i kia, t\u1eebng c\u01a1 quan n\u1ed9i t\u1ea1ng trong c\u01a1 th\u1ec3,… m\u1edbi l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i polymer \u0111\u00fang ngh\u0129a ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. \u0110\u01a1n c\u1eed nh\u01b0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0 axit amin \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ebd h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean protein. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i polymer nh\u01b0ng n\u00f3 c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi polymer t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p b\u1edfi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n

T\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean t\u1ea1o ra v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 lo\u1ea1i protein nh\u01b0ng c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eebng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n cho m\u1ed7i chu\u1ed7i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c nhau, m\u00e0 b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a chu\u1ed7i \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9, t\u1eeb m\u00f3ng tay ng\u01b0\u1eddi, c\u01a1 th\u1ecbt, d\u00e2y ch\u1eb1n cho t\u1edbi c\u00e1c enzyme ti\u00eau h\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi 21 lo\u1ea1i axit amin “kh\u00e2u” l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau theo c\u00e1c th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i kh\u00e1c nhau.<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1” \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean m\u1edbi l\u00e0m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi r\u1ea5t mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0m ch\u1ee7 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3. N\u1ebfu con ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u0169ng c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 th\u00ec \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t polymer s\u1ebd di\u1ec5n ra. \u0110i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho ph\u00e9p ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb7t b\u1ea5t c\u1ee9 m\u1ed9t nh\u00f3m nguy\u00ean t\u1eed n\u00e0o v\u00e0o trong \u0111\u00fang v\u1ecb tr\u00ed mong mu\u1ed1n. Th\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng, ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 thao t\u00e1c tr\u00ean c\u00e1c axit amin khi mang n\u00f3 ra kh\u1ecfi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u1ea9m \u01b0\u1edbt v\u00e0 \u1ea5m \u00e1p trong t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n ph\u1ee5 v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd \u0111\u1ec3 thu h\u00fat nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n kh\u00e1c, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh chu\u1ed7i polymer v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 b\u1eaft c\u00e1c polymer x\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i theo nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng kh\u00e1c nhau, mang c\u00e1c \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh kh\u00e1c nhau nh\u01b0 si\u00eau m\u1ecfng, si\u00eau nh\u1eb9 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m c\u00e1nh m\u00e1y bay, ho\u1eb7c m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ec3 b\u1eaft gi\u1eef v\u00e0 ti\u00eau di\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9c t\u1ed1 t\u1eeb vi khu\u1ea9n. N\u1ebfu nh\u01b0 c\u00f3 trong tay kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 v\u1eady, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd c\u00f3 v\u00f4 s\u1ed1 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng polymer.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean<\/p>\n

polymer_TInhte_4.\u200b
\nTuy nhi\u00ean, m\u1ecdi chuy\u1ec7n l\u1ea1i kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. Nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u Ronald Zuckermann t\u1ea1i Ph\u00f2ng th\u00ed nghi\u1ec7m qu\u1ed1c gia Lawrence Berkeley cho bi\u1ebft: “B\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 tr\u1ed9n c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau v\u00e0o trong m\u1ed9t c\u00e1i t\u00fai v\u00e0 n\u00f3i n\u00f3 “d\u00ednh l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau \u0111i c\u00e1c em” \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1edfi l\u1ebd khi \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1i b\u1ea1n nh\u1eadn ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n ng\u1eabu nhi\u00ean.” Qua nhi\u1ec1u n\u0103m, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 h\u1ecdc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1ch \u0111\u00ednh t\u1eebng \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau theo c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 h\u1ecd mu\u1ed1n.<\/p>\n

D\u00f9 v\u1eady, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u1edbi t\u1eebng k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i v\u1ed1n m\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u gi\u1edd li\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh v\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n thu\u1ea7n khi\u1ebft, nghi\u00eam ng\u1eb7t m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch v\u00f4 c\u00f9ng c\u1ea9n th\u1eadn. Trong m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i polymer c\u00f3 h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n c\u00e1i nh\u01b0 v\u1eady v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i nh\u01b0 \u00fd g\u1ea7n nh\u01b0 l\u00e0 b\u1ea5t kh\u1ea3 thi. V\u00e0 c\u00f3 l\u1ebd cho t\u1edbi hi\u1ec7n t\u1ea1i, th\u00e0nh t\u1ef1u m\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ea7n v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean nh\u1ea5t ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c block copolymer (polymer c\u00f3 2 \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb t\u00e1i l\u1eb7p nhau trong m\u1ea1ch).<\/p>\n

N\u00f3i c\u00e1ch n\u00f4m na th\u00ec copolymer gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t \u0111o\u00e0n t\u00e0u l\u1eeda t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb 6 toa t\u00e0u \u0111\u1ecf (th\u00ed d\u1ee5), theo sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 6 toa t\u00e0u xanh v\u00e0 c\u1ee9 ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c nh\u01b0 v\u1eady. M\u1ed9t trong nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i copolymer ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n nay ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Lycra – c\u00f2n g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 spandex, l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i v\u1ea3i thun d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 may qu\u1ea7n b\u00f3, m\u1ecbn, co gi\u00e3n t\u1ed1t, b\u1ea1n n\u00e0o m\u1eb7c qu\u1ea7n legging c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1ebd bi\u1ebft lo\u1ea1i thun n\u00e0y. Tuy nhi\u00ean, theo gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Zuckermann v\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c th\u00ec hi\u1ec7n nay kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch gi\u1eefa polymer sinh h\u1ecdc v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o \u0111ang ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng x\u00edch l\u1ea1i g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n

Qu\u1ea7n legging, qu\u1ea7n b\u00f3, qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o l\u00f3t, thun 4 chi\u1ec1u,… \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ea1o ra t\u1eeb m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng cao c\u1ea5p h\u01a1n c\u1ee7a polymer l\u00e0 spandex\u200b<\/p>\n

Zuckermann cho bi\u1ebft: “Ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 l\u1ebd \u0111\u00e3 \u0111i l\u1ec7ch \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng. Nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n \u0111\u00e2u \u0111\u00f3 m\u1ed9t mi\u1ec1n \u0111\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ea7y qu\u1ea3 ng\u1ecdt m\u00e0 ch\u01b0a ai kh\u00e1m ph\u00e1 t\u1edbi.” V\u00e0 \u00f4ng c\u00f9ng c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u kh\u00e1c \u0111\u00e3 v\u00e0 \u0111ang \u0111i t\u00ecm ra m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac c\u1ee7a polymer gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. H\u1ed3i n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, Zuckermann \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f9ng v\u1edbi gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Santa Barbara, Gutekunst v\u00e0 m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 nh\u00e0 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc California ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n c\u00e1ch t\u1ea1o n\u00ean v\u00f2ng “si\u00eau \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n”, b\u00ean trong c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u1eb1m cho \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh mong mu\u1ed1n, sau \u0111\u00f3 m\u1edbi cho ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng polymer h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt d\u00f9ng v\u00f2ng si\u00eau \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a Zuckermann \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra polymer c\u00f3 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 mong mu\u1ed1n \u200b<\/p>\n

Gutekunst cho bi\u1ebft c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y s\u1ebd gi\u00fap thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac, th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a polymer d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng h\u01a1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, thay v\u00ec ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u1ed1n c\u00f3 c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c v\u00f2ng, \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng th\u00eam nh\u1eefng ch\u1ea5t x\u00fac t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00edch ho\u1ea1t qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh polymer h\u00f3a. Theo Gutekunst, k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt n\u00e0y v\u00ed nh\u01b0 vi\u1ec7c t\u00e1i l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n, cho ph\u00e9p \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i polymer c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh c\u00e1c polymer mang \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh mong mu\u1ed1n, th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i nh\u1ef1a c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 h\u1ee7y khi g\u1eb7p \u0111\u00fang \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n

Ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0ng ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i: kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n ch\u1ed3ng ch\u1ea5t<\/p>\n

M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 v\u1eady, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u1ee7a n\u00eau tr\u00ean v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n. Theo \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Jeremiah Johnson t\u1ea1i MIT th\u00ec “M\u1eb7c d\u00f9 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i polymer n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e1c l\u1eadp \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, nh\u01b0ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.” Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, khi m\u1ed9t c\u01a1 th\u1ec3 s\u1ed1ng sinh ra protein, n\u00f3 s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng polymer v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i gi\u1ed1ng nhau, tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 gi\u1ed1ng nhau v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i protein n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u1ea5p l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng gi\u1ed1ng y nh\u01b0 nhau, t\u1eeb ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n nh\u01b0 nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi nu\u00f4i c\u1ea5y polymer nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o th\u00ec c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i ng\u1eafn kh\u00e1c nhau. V\u00e0 do \u0111\u00f3, v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a th\u1ec3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh v\u00e0 ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n

K\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt t\u1ea1o ra chu\u1ed7i polymer c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i nh\u01b0 \u00fd ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n b\u1edfi Johnson<\/p>\n

\u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft Johnson c\u0169ng \u0111ang ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh t\u1ea1o ra polymer c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u00f9y ch\u1ec9nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch cho th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng polymer h\u00f3a song song. Th\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 trong m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh ch\u1ee9a 1 b\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh gh\u00e9p 2 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n A v\u00e0 B l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau, trong m\u1ed9t b\u00ecnh kh\u00e1c th\u00ec 2 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n C v\u00e0 D \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c cho polymer h\u00f3a. Sau \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t n\u1eeda b\u00ecnh m\u1ed7i b\u00ecnh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea5y ra v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed5 qua cho nhau nh\u1eb1m t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh polymer ABCD, sau \u0111\u00f3 l\u1ea1i ti\u1ebfp t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ed5 qua l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean ABCDABCD. C\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y cho ph\u00e9p t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i polymer ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c c\u1ea3 v\u1ec1 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i l\u1eabn th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t chu k\u1ef3.<\/p>\n

Johnson th\u1eeba nh\u1eadn m\u1eb7c d\u00f9 c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf nh\u01b0ng \u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 nhanh ch\u00f3ng t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c gram v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng l\u1edbn nh\u1ea5t trong nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a \u00f4ng. V\u00e0 qua \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng cho r\u1eb1ng \u0111\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 minh ch\u1ee9ng cho ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u1ee7a ng\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1ef1a trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai.<\/p>\n

Mu\u1ed1n b\u1eaft ch\u01b0\u1edbc t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean, h\u00e3y b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a<\/p>\n

Johnson cho bi\u1ebft: “Th\u1eadm ch\u00ed ch\u00fang ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t c\u01a1 h\u1ecdc c\u1ee7a polymer thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ebf n\u00e0o n\u1ebfu thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a n\u00f3: li\u1ec7u n\u00f3 s\u1ebd \u0111\u00e0n h\u1ed3i h\u01a1n, m\u1ec1m \u0111i hay c\u1ee9ng l\u00ean?” Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n l\u00e0 do ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u1ee7 lo\u1ea1i polymer c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ec3 kh\u1ea3o s\u00e1t \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh l\u00fd h\u00f3a c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi cho c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi tr\u00ean. Cho t\u1edbi nay, \u0111i\u1ec1u m\u00e0 Johnson bi\u1ebft \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c r\u1eb1ng ch\u1ec9 v\u1edbi m\u1ed9t tinh ch\u1ec9nh nh\u1ecf trong c\u00e2u tr\u00fac t\u1eeb ABAB sang AABB \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111i\u1ec3m chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed5i t\u1eeb l\u1ecfng sang r\u1eafn c\u1ee7a polymer t\u1edbi 10 \u0111\u1ed9.<\/p>\n

“Con robot nano” m\u00f4 ph\u1ecfng c\u00e1ch th\u1ee9c c\u1ee7a riboxom \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra chu\u1ed7i polymer v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t\u200b<\/p>\n

\u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng? C\u00f2n c\u00f3 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc kh\u00e1c n\u1eefa. T\u1ebf b\u00e0o c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 ch\u1ee9a “nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y kh\u00e2u” g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 riboxom v\u1edbi nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 g\u1eafn c\u00e1c axit amin l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau theo m\u1ed9t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc trong th\u1eddi gian ch\u1ec9 v\u00e0i gi\u00e2y. L\u1ea5y c\u1ea3m h\u1ee9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u1eb7c t\u00ednh n\u00e0y, David Leigh t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Manchester, Anh Qu\u1ed1c \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y ph\u00e2n t\u1eed \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean polymer gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 c\u00e1ch ti\u1ebfp c\u1eadn c\u1ee7a riboxom.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed3i n\u0103m 2013, Leigh v\u00e0 c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed3ng nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y riboxom nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o – b\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t l\u00e0 v\u00f2ng ph\u00e2n t\u1eed v\u1edbi k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nano \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eadp tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 di chuy\u1ec3n, thu th\u1eadp v\u00e0 l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p c\u00e1c kh\u1ed1i \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. Tuy nhi\u00ean gi\u1edbi h\u1ea1n c\u1ee7a “c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y” n\u00e0y l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c polymer ch\u1ee9a 3 lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, n\u00f3 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 ch\u1eadm. H\u1ed3i th\u00e1ng 12 n\u0103m v\u1eeba r\u1ed3i, Leigh c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1 th\u00eam m\u1ed9t “d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n” l\u1eafp gh\u00e9p polymer, t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh t\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u “c\u00e1nh tay robot” k\u00edch th\u01b0\u1edbc nano. Tuy nhi\u00ean, hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00f4ng b\u1ed1.<\/p>\n

Nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p DNA nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o<\/p>\n

\u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a leigh l\u00e0 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c n\u1ebfu vay m\u01b0\u1ee3n th\u00eam c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean l\u00e0 DNA. DNA l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t “t\u1ea5m gi\u1ea5y h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng” m\u00e0 riboxom d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean c\u00e1c protein. D\u1ef1a theo c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y, gi\u00e1o s\u01b0 Rachel O’Reilly t\u1ea1i \u0110\u1ea1i h\u1ecdc Warwick \u0111\u00e3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n th\u00e0nh k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt polymer h\u00f3a ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n m\u1edbi. \u00dd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ee7a b\u00e0 l\u00e0 \u0111\u00ednh c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n nh\u1ecf c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eb7p s\u1ee3i DNA c\u01a1 s\u1edf c\u00f3 nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5 h\u01b0\u1edbng d\u1eabn. M\u1ea3nh DNA n\u00e0y s\u1ebd ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y m\u1eafc m\u1ea1ch, \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 tr\u00ean s\u1ee3i DNA kh\u00e1c d\u00e0i h\u01a1n. Sau khi c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1eafn k\u1ebft v\u1edbi nhau, nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 kh\u00e1c s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00e1o b\u1ecf ra.<\/p>\n

B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, O\u2019Reilly \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o rao nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i polymer theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n v\u1edbi c\u00e1c tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t khu v\u1ef1c ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng. \u0110\u00e2y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00ed nh\u01b0 b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec7m cho qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh h\u00ecnh th\u00e0nh n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u01b0 vi\u1ec7n c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i polymer \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1.<\/p>\n

Khi c\u00f3 trong tay “quy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb \u0111i\u1ec3n” n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc s\u1ebd d\u1ea7n hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1ea7n ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i polymer v\u1edbi c\u1ea5u tr\u00fac nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ednh ch\u1ea5t mong mu\u1ed1n. O\u2019Reilly cho bi\u1ebft: “h\u00e3y t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u1ebfu b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c polymer nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng sao ch\u00e9p ho\u1eb7c ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a. Ch\u00fang ta \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i axit amin v\u1edbi t\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ec3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0o enzyme, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 ch\u1eefa b\u1ec7nh. Suy cho c\u00f9ng, qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh ti\u1ebfn h\u00f3a d\u1ea7n d\u1ea7n ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 thi\u00ean nhi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c polymer ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o nh\u01b0 hi\u1ec7n nay.<\/p>\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 O\u2019Reilly m\u00e0 th\u1eadt ra t\u1eeb nh\u1eefng n\u0103m 1950, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi nh\u1eefng c\u1ed7 m\u00e1y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p DNA. C\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u \u0111\u00f3 bao g\u1ed3m c\u1ea3 c\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n c\u1ee7a DNA \u0111\u00e3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u1ee7 h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u1edf m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u (DNA b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7), khi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 gh\u00e9p th\u00eam c\u00e1c m\u1eaft x\u00edch v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a DNA. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, l\u1edbp ph\u1ee7 n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c v\u00f4 hi\u1ec7u h\u00f3a (DNA h\u1ee7y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7) theo \u00fd mu\u1ed1n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng s\u1ee3i DNA v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e0i \u0111\u00fang nh\u01b0 mong mu\u1ed1n. Tuy nhi\u00ean nh\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ee7a c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m n\u00e0y l\u00e0 r\u1ea5t t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n

Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ed5ng h\u1ee3p n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i polymer ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1ecf l\u00f2ng t\u00f4n k\u00ednh v\u1edbi t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean. Tuy nhi\u00ean, ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 v\u00e0 h\u1ee7y b\u1ea3o v\u1ec7 m\u1ed9t \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t \u0111\u1ea7u d\u00ednh c\u1ee7a n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec7n \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 qu\u00e1 b\u00e2y kh\u1ea3 thi. H\u1ed3i n\u0103m 1992, Zuckermann \u0111\u00e3 b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u th\u1eed nghi\u1ec7m ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o ra polymer g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 “peptoid”, m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i protein \u0111\u00e3 qua x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec3 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i t\u1ebf b\u00e0o.<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c chu\u1ed7i polymer c\u00f3 “tr\u00ed nh\u1edb”, d\u00f9ng l\u00e0m c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc<\/p>\n

Sau nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p t\u1ea1o ra nhi\u1ec1u tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c nhau, Zuckermann \u0111\u00e3 t\u1ea1o ra \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i peptoid c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng g\u1ea5p th\u00e0nh t\u1ea5m. Sau \u0111\u00f3, \u00f4ng d\u00f9ng nh\u1eefng h\u00f3a ch\u1ea5t kh\u00e1c nhau r\u1eafc l\u00ean c\u00e1c t\u1ea5m peptoid nh\u1eb1m bi\u1ebfn n\u00f3 th\u00e0nh nh\u1eefng c\u1ea3m bi\u1ebfn h\u1eefu d\u1ee5ng. \u0110\u01b0\u1ee3c bi\u1ebft, \u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 b\u00e1o c\u00e1o nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u n\u00e0y v\u1edbi B\u1ed9 qu\u1ed1c ph\u00f2ng M\u1ef9 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n n\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o s\u1edbm v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc:<\/p>\n

“Ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eeba m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd v\u00e0 linh ho\u1ea1t nh\u01b0 protein, v\u1eeba t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong c\u00e1c m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng kh\u00f4ng th\u00edch h\u1ee3p. N\u1ebfu \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, ch\u00fang ta s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o n\u00ean nh\u1eefng b\u1ed9 qu\u1ea7n \u00e1o qu\u00e2n s\u0129 v\u1edbi kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1edbm d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a v\u0169 kh\u00ed h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc, kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o m\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ch\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9c nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 mi\u1ec5n d\u1ecbch nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o.”<\/p>\n

C\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc t\u1eeb l\u00e2u \u0111\u00e3 h\u00ecnh dung n\u00ean m\u1ed9t th\u1ebf gi\u1edbi t\u01b0\u01a1ng lai c\u1ee7a lo\u1ea1i polymer ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o: \u0111\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng m\u00f3n h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a b\u1ea1n th\u1ea5y m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng si\u00eau v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u t\u1ed1i \u01b0u cho t\u1eebng \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng chuy\u00ean ng\u00e0nh. Ch\u01b0a h\u1ebft, c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng kh\u00e1c m\u00e0 ch\u00fang ta kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1edbi v\u1ec1 lo\u1ea1i polymer ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o. Nh\u00e0 h\u00f3a h\u1ecdc Jean-Fran\u00e7ois Lutz t\u1ea1i Vi\u1ec7n nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u Charles Sadron, Ph\u00e1p cho r\u1eb1ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u00f9ng lo\u1ea1i polymer \u0111\u00e3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t n\u01a1i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n

T\u1eeb nhi\u1ec1u th\u1eadp k\u1ef7 nay c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc \u0111\u00e3 ngh\u0129 t\u1edbi DNA nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u1ea7n k\u1ef3 \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef th\u00f4ng tin. Theo \u0111\u00f3, to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 th\u00f4ng tin c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u01b0u tr\u1eef trong m\u1ed9t v\u1eady c\u00f3 k\u00edch c\u1ee1 nh\u01b0 USB th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, n\u00f3 c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i trong h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0n n\u0103m m\u00e0 v\u1eabn \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i an to\u00e0n \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u tr\u1eef d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Tuy nhi\u00ean, kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n l\u1ea1i n\u1eb1m \u1edf ch\u1ed7 l\u00e0 DNA c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 mong manh v\u00e0 r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 \u0111\u1ec3 thao t\u00e1c ki\u1ec3u “\u0111\u1ecdc ghi” gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 \u1ed5 c\u1ee9ng \u1edf m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i.<\/p>\n

H\u1ed3i n\u0103m ngo\u00e1i, Lutz tuy\u00ean b\u1ed1 \u0111\u00e3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i polymer v\u1edbi tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ee9a 100 \u0111\u01a1n ph\u00e2n trong v\u00f2ng 12 gi\u1edd \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3. Theo \u00f4ng, \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t k\u1ef3 t\u00edch v\u00e0 con s\u1ed1 12 gi\u1edd \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 nhanh nh\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n nay. Tuy nhi\u00ean, \u0111\u00f3 v\u1eabn ch\u01b0a l\u00e0 g\u00ec so v\u1edbi c\u00e1i m\u00e0 c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc khoa kh\u00e1t \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c. V\u00e0 \u0111\u00f3 c\u0169ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 1 v\u00e0i trong s\u1ed1 v\u00f4 h\u1ea1n \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a polymer ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o s\u1ebd t\u1ea1o ra cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi trong t\u01b0\u01a1ng. Nh\u01b0ng b\u00e2y gi\u1edd, c\u00e1c nh\u00e0 khoa h\u1ecdc ngh\u0129 r\u1eb1ng v\u1eabn c\u00f2n ch\u01b0a c\u00f3 g\u00ec, t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 ch\u1ec9 m\u1edbi l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u trong n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1o n\u00ean lo\u1ea1i v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u th\u00f4ng minh nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n

Tham kh\u1ea3o NS (1), (2), Nature (1), (2), ACS (1), (2), (3), Nauka, MIT, Kcet, EUC\u200b<\/em><\/p>\n

Ngu\u1ed3n tinhte.vn<\/em><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Polymer \u0111\u00e3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i cu\u1ed9c s\u1ed1ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i trong th\u1ebf k\u1ef7 20 nh\u01b0ng b\u1ea1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebft lo\u00e0i ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eabn c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t “nghi\u1ec7p d\u01b0” trong vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ra ch\u00fang. \u0110\u1eebng ngh\u0129 nh\u1eefng lo\u1ea1i polymer m\u00e0 ng\u00e0y nay ch\u00fang ta x\u00e0i \u0111\u00e3 l\u00e0 ho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o! Ch\u01b0a \u0111\u00e2u, c\u00e1i m\u00e0 ng\u01b0\u1eddi ta mu\u1ed1n l\u00e0 t\u1ea1o ra […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":17,"featured_media":5398,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[47],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4837","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-tin-tuc"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4837","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/17"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4837"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4837\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":5399,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4837\/revisions\/5399"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/5398"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4837"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4837"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/casta.ttud.com.vn\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4837"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}