Organic agriculture is a production system that allows optimal exploitation of resources such as soil, energy, nutrients, biological processes occurring in nature with a most reasonable management method. aims to create products that meet the requirements of food hygiene and safety, while also ensuring a sustainable production system in terms of environment, society and economy.
The process of growing leafy vegetables is certified organic according to EU standards
B1. Preparation of membrane houses: Membrane houses are designed with many different types: Greenhouses, classical greenhouses, serrated membrane houses, domes, tubulars, net houses, etc. However, it is necessary to ensure the following requirements. conditions such as: light transmittance from 85 to 90%; Specification: column height (height from the ground to the gutter) from 4 to 4.75m, the aperture of each house is 8m, the column distance from the column (column step) is 4m. The roof is covered with a polymer membrane (150 microns thick) and the surrounding wall is covered with a 50 mesh insect screen.
B2. Choose varieties
The vegetables used include: lettuce, collard greens, collard greens, basil, marjoram, perilla, coriander, purple gourd, spinach and amaranth.
All vegetable seeds used are sourced from certified Organic hatcheries or produced under the Organic process on the farm. All seeds used are not genetically modified (GMO).
B3. Prepare the seedling
Seeds are soaked in warm water at 450C for 4-6 hours, then taken out to dry in the dark after 1 night to stimulate germination, then bring to the garden for seeding immediately or sow the seeds directly.
Sowing seeds straight: Water spinach, amaranth
Cuttings: purple potting vegetables.
Sow in a styrofoam tray: lettuce, collard greens, collard greens, basil, marjoram, perilla
bowl, nettle.
Use nursery trays to plant seeds. The nursery tray is usually made of porous material, with the size 50 cm long, 35 cm wide, 5 cm high (with 50 holes/tray).
Use coco peat and vermicompost (1.5 N – 0.5 P2O5 – 0.5 K2O) to make seeding medium with the rate of 70% coco peat + 20% organic fertilizer + 10% rice husk ash ). Processed and organic coco peat has been incubated with Trichoderma before use according to the organic composting process. The medium is filled with the hole in the tray, then sow 1 seed/hole (the seed is 15 dry seeds without incubation). After sowing, water to keep moisture and water daily to keep moisture to ensure uniform germination, nursery trays are placed in a nursery with rain cover and insect nets. After the seedlings grow in the nursery for 3 days, spray wormwood diluted with a dose of 1 mL/L to help the seedlings grow and develop quickly.
Sow the seeds in the seeding foam tray
Mustard greens 7 days after sowing
B4. Planting method
- Prepare planting beds
– The beds and paths are covered with agricultural mulch. To limit harmful insects, limit diseases, prevent weeds from remaining in the soil. Planting bed: bed size: width 1.2 m; height 15 cm, length depending on the size of the greenhouse, the best is 20 -30m. Each bed is arranged with 5 drip irrigation lines, the diameter of the drip tube is 1.6 cm, the drip holes are 20 cm apart.
- Processing of substrates
Coir peat before planting needs to be treated with astringency (tannin) present in coco peat. Using a cement reservoir, soak the coco peat with clean water for 1 day, then open the reservoir valve to flush out the acrid water in the coco peat. Redo the work of soaking in water and cleaning the lake during the treatment period of 7-10 days (at this time, the commune’s water is clear), then plant it.
Treat coco peat before planting
Vermicompost is incubated with Trichoderma product (1 kg incubated with 1 ton of vermicompost) to kill pathogens in feces and increase beneficial microorganisms and add nutrients to the substrate. Composting time is 2 weeks, then fertilize vegetables.
- Mix the media and put it in the bed
The substrate used is coir peat and organic fertilizer to make vegetable growing medium with the rate of 60% coco peat + 40% organic fertilizer (including vermicompost (30%) + green manure (10%). composted) or you can use composted chicken manure (chickens raised in the form of free-range chickens) instead of vermicompost. After being mixed, the mixture is poured into the bed with the amount of 0.15 m3/m2.
- Prepare the drip irrigation system:
Installation type and layout of irrigation system: Minimum equipment required for a drip irrigation system: Nutrient tank, pump, nutrient wiring, PVC pipe, filter and timer hour (timer and solenoid valve).
Arrange the irrigation system according to the beds to grow leafy vegetables
Arrange the irrigation system in beds, using a drip irrigation pipe 20 cm from the hole. Each bed is arranged with 5 irrigation pipes, this irrigation line is 20 cm from the other, the outermost line is 10 cm from the outer edge of the bed.
- Planting vegetables in beds
Plant in the cool afternoon, when planting, place the plant gently to avoid damage to the seedlings, do not compress the medium too tightly. Plant in double rows and place 2 pots on either side of the drip hole. After planting, water must be immediately watered to prevent the plant from wilting. Choose uniform seedlings, healthy, beautiful green plants, no pests and diseases. Planted at a density of 25 to 100 plants/m2 (depending on the type of crop). From 3-5 days after planting, inspect and replant dead trees.
How to plant vegetables in beds
- Nutrition
– Irrigation: use clean water, the best pH is from 6.0 -> 7.0. It is possible to use well water or water that is not contaminated with salt, alum or heavy metals.
Primer: Fertilize before planting: Apply the entire amount of organic fertilizer to the substrate at the rate of 60% coco peat + 40% organic fertilizer. Equivalent to 3 tons of organic fertilizer for 100 m2. After each planting season to implement a new planting season, add organic fertilizer to the planting bed with the amount of fertilizer being 4-5 kg/m2. After 6-7 months of planting, add 10-20% of the medium mixture (60% coco peat + 40% organic fertilizer) to the planting bed and continue to plant. After 1 year of using the substrate, the entire growing medium of vegetables is composted into organic fertilizer for plants.
Fertilizer through drip irrigation system: Type of fertilizer used: Dissolve wormwood fertilizer in water at a dosage of 1mL/L and organic fertilizer is composted from oil cake and 2 mL/L, nutrient mixture is stored in a 2000L tank. Nutrient solution and irrigation water are provided simultaneously through the drip irrigation system.
After planting about a day, irrigate with nutrients at a dose of 3-4 liters/m2/day. After 7 days, watering and nutrition are carried out at a dose of 5-7 liters/m2/day. Watering twice a day, morning and afternoon (15 minutes each time). During the care process, depending on the weather conditions and the growth of the plant, more water can be added to ensure good growth.
Foliar fertilization: After planting, spray more wormwood fertilizer through the leaves at a rate of 1 mL/L periodically every 5 days during the 15 days after planting.
1 day before harvest, stop watering nutrients to ensure the quality of vegetables after harvest.
- Care: After planting 7-10 days, rooting to help the tree stand firmly on the substrate and pruning bad trees.
B5. Pest control:
Organically produced vegetables do not use chemical drugs, so the main management is by different management tactics to prevent them, not by using pesticides to destroy them. Preventive pest management measures include the use of farming techniques, physical measures, and biological control.
– Cultivation measures: Management and use of greenhouses must strictly follow the rules of entering and exiting the greenhouses to avoid cross-contamination of pests and diseases from one place to another; Treatment of substrates, using organic fertilizers that have been composted with Trichoderma products before planting; Use lime (melted from natural limestone or calcined lime from seashells, snail shells) to spread the path, around the greenhouse and treat the substrate after each vegetable harvest.
– Physical measures: Regularly check plants to promptly remove the nests of eggs, catch worms and their pupae; Cleaning and disinfecting plant care tools to limit the spread of plant diseases in greenhouses.
– Biological control measures: Use antagonistic fungal preparations: Trichoderma, Beauveria, Ometar green fungus… to spray when necessary to kill pests, aphids and protect beneficial natural enemies. Chemical drugs are not used.
B6. Harvest
– Time from sowing to harvesting is different for each type of vegetable (Green cabbage: 26-30 days after planting (NST); Kale: 26-30 chromosomes; Water spinach: 24-26 days after sowing; Spring nettle: : 28 – 32 chromosomes; Amaranth: 22-24 days after sowing; Lettuce: 30-35 chromosomes; Basil: 30-35 chromosomes; Purple gourd: 25-30 chromosomes; Marjoram: 30-35 chromosomes; Purple rent: 30-35 chromosomes.
Before harvesting, it is necessary to stop spraying pesticides, ensure the isolation period to be safe for users.
The time of harvesting vegetables is very important to get the best results during storage and processing. Determining the right time to harvest helps prolong the shelf life and improve the quality of vegetables. The most favorable harvest time is early morning or cool afternoon.
Vegetables are harvested and old, wilted, deformed leaves are removed. Vegetables are washed thoroughly with clean water, then drained and put in clean bags before transporting for consumption.
15 chromosomes mustard greens
Green mustard greens 25 chromosomes
After harvesting, clean damaged branches, trunks, roots and leaves, collect them and put them into composting for organic ingredients.
The growing process ensures the principles of organic production such as the use of special measures and preparations to stimulate biological activity, the application of organic fertilizers, organic fertilizers in the recognized list, using cover crops and green manure crops, properly composted animal manure, crop rotation and mass planting, minimal and appropriate tillage, addition of natural stone, lime and phosphate rock as required bridge…
Nguyen Thi Van
Đăng ngày: 28/01/2020